* WIP: switching to fixed offsets for SignBytes
* add version field to sign bytes and update order
* more comments on test-cases and add a tc with a chainID
* remove amino:"write_empty" tag
- it doesn't affect if default fixed size fields ((u)int64) are
written or not
- add comment about int->int64 casting
* update CHANGELOG_PENDING
* update documentation
* add back link to issue #1622 in documentation
* remove JSON tags and add (failing test-case)
* fix failing test
* update test-vectors due to added `Type` field
* change Type field from string to byte and add new type alias
- SignedMsgType replaces VoteTypePrevote, VoteTypePrecommit and adds new
ProposalType to separate votes from proposal when signed
- update test-vectors
* fix remains from rebasing
* use SignMessageType instead of byte everywhere
* fixes from review
Currently the top level directory contains basically all of the code
for the crypto package. This PR moves the crypto code into submodules
in a similar manner to what `golang/x/crypto` does. This improves code
organization.
Ref discussion: https://github.com/tendermint/tendermint/pull/1966Closes#1956
Updates #1021
* Implement a GetHeightBinarySearch method that looks for
the height using the binary search algorithm guaranteeing
worst case iteration time of O(log2(n))
whereas
worst case iteration time of O(n) for the current linear search
So if n we had 500 commits stored by height and sorted, to
trigger the worst case scenario for each, pass in
the most negative height you can find e.g. -1
Linear search: 500 iterations
Binary search: 9 iterations
with n=1000, qHeight = -1
Linear search: 1000 iterations
Binary search: 10 iterations
with n=1e6, qHeight = -1
Linear search: 1e6 iterations
Binary search: 20 iterations
Of course there are realistic expectations e.g. a max of
commits that may be saved so linear search might be useful
for very small size set because it has less preparing overhead
and only ~2 types of comparisons, but nonetheless binary search
shines as soon as we start to hit say 50 commits to search from
as you can see below:
```shell
$ go test -v -run=^$ -bench=MemStore
goos: darwin
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch5-4 300000 6491 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch50-4 200000 12064 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch100-4 50000 32987 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch500-4 5000 395521 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch1000-4 500 2940724 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch5-4 300000 6281 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch50-4 200000 10117 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch100-4 100000 18447 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch500-4 20000 89029 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch1000-4 5000 265719 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
PASS
ok github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite 86.614s
$ go test -v -run=^$ -bench=MemStore
goos: darwin
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch5-4 300000 6779 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch50-4 100000 12980 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch100-4 30000 43598 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch500-4 5000 377462 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch1000-4 500 3278122 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch5-4 300000 7084 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch50-4 200000 9852 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch100-4 100000 19020 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch500-4 20000 99463 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch1000-4 5000 259293 ns/op 1600 B/op 15 allocs/op
PASS
ok github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite 86.204s
```
which gives
```shell
$ benchstat old.txt new.txt
name old time/op new time/op delta
MemStoreProviderGetByHeight5-4 6.63µs ± 2% 6.68µs ± 6% ~ (p=1.000 n=2+2)
MemStoreProviderGetByHeight50-4 12.5µs ± 4% 10.0µs ± 1% ~ (p=0.333 n=2+2)
MemStoreProviderGetByHeight100-4 38.3µs ±14% 18.7µs ± 2% ~ (p=0.333 n=2+2)
MemStoreProviderGetByHeight500-4 386µs ± 2% 94µs ± 6% ~ (p=0.333 n=2+2)
MemStoreProviderGetByHeight1000-4 3.11ms ± 5% 0.26ms ± 1% ~ (p=0.333 n=2+2)
```
If need be we can make a hybrid algorithm that switches between the
linear and binary search depending on the number of items.
This is reminiscent of Python's TimSort algorithm.
The certifier package is renamed to light. This is more descriptive
especially in the wider blockchain context. Moreover we are building
light-clients using the light package.
This also adds godocs to all exported functions.
Furthermore it introduces some extra error handling. I've added one TODO
where I would like someone else's opinion on how to handle the error.