* Implement BFT time

* set LastValidators when creating state in state helper

for heights >= 2

* libs: Remove usage of custom Fmt, in favor of fmt.Sprintf

Closes #2193

* Fix bug that was masked by custom Fmt!

Currently the top level directory contains basically all of the code
for the crypto package. This PR moves the crypto code into submodules
in a similar manner to what `golang/x/crypto` does. This improves code
organization.

Ref discussion: https://github.com/tendermint/tendermint/pull/1966

Closes #1956

This commit switches all usage of math/rand to cmn's rand. The only
exceptions are within the random file itself, the tools package, and the
crypto package. In tools you don't want it to lock between the go-routines.
The crypto package doesn't use it so the crypto package have no other
dependencies within tendermint/tendermint for easier portability.

Crypto/rand usage is unadjusted.

Closes #1343

make BlockMeta Header a non-pointer

Refs #693

This reverts commit d02c5d1e30.

Also, fix consensus liveness issue.

Refs #1740

also, expose limit option for number concurrent streams for gRPC
(unlimited by default)

This reverts commit 96a3502

* Reformated the ResultStatus

* fix misuse of ResultStatus.

* updated changelog

* Fixed tests

* fixed rpc helper tests

* fixed rpc_tests

* fixed mock/status_test

* fixed typo

* fixed ommitempty on validatorstatus and the changelog

* fixed extra line in changelog

* Updated usage of the /status json response in tests after breaking changes

* Updated remaining tests with changes after searching the codebase for usage

* Reformated the ResultStatus

* fix misuse of ResultStatus.

* updated changelog

* Fixed tests

* fixed rpc helper tests

* fixed rpc_tests

* fixed mock/status_test

* fixed typo

* fixed ommitempty on validatorstatus and the changelog

* Updated usage of the /status json response in tests after breaking changes

* Updated remaining tests with changes after searching the codebase for usage

* rebased against develop

Addressing some feedback from @ebuchman in regards to
consolidating some common test headers into a variable.

I've added that for simple cases, trying to meet in the middle
instead of creating helpers that obscure readibility and easy
comparison of test cases.

* Fix typo on naming s/deabBeef/deadBeef/g
* Use `assert.*(t,` instead of `assert.New(t);...;assert.*(`

Updates https://github.com/tendermint/tendermint/issues/1017

Ensure that the Validate* functions in proxy are tests
and cover the case of sneakish bugs that have been encountered
a few times from nil dereferences. The lite package should
theoretically never panic with a nil dereference. It is meant
to contain the certifiers hence it should never panic with such.

Requires the following bugs to be fixed first;
* https://github.com/tendermint/tendermint/issues/1298
* https://github.com/tendermint/tendermint/issues/1299

* remove accidental binary

* docs: s/Dummy&dummy/KVStore&kvstore/g

* glide update to abci

* update abci import paths

* dummy begone, hello kvstore

* RequestInitChain needs genesisBytes

* glide update

NOTE we only updating for tmlibs and abci

* GetByHeight will now switch to using binary search once
we have  >=50 items.
* Feedback from @ebuchman to catch a missed spot where
we forgot about lazy sorting that the original code
assumed would always have sorted commits by height.
Added a lazy sorting routine here too.
A test as well to ensure that we always get the properly
sorted and last value.

Addressing PR review requests from @melekes and @ebuchman to
add a test that checks that the heights returned from both are
the same thus providing a perceptible equivalence of the code
linear range search vs binary range search code.

Also lazily load the commits to only be run once when
the benchmarks are activated, lest it slows down all the tests

Updates #1021

* Implement a GetHeightBinarySearch method that looks for
the height using the binary search algorithm guaranteeing
worst case iteration time of O(log2(n))
whereas
worst case iteration time of O(n) for the current linear search

So if n we had 500 commits stored by height and sorted, to
trigger the worst case scenario for each, pass in
the most negative height you can find e.g. -1
Linear search: 500 iterations
Binary search: 9 iterations

with n=1000, qHeight = -1
Linear search: 1000 iterations
Binary search: 10 iterations

with n=1e6, qHeight = -1
Linear search: 1e6 iterations
Binary search: 20 iterations

Of course there are realistic expectations e.g. a max of
commits that may be saved so linear search might be useful
for very small size set because it has less preparing overhead
and only ~2 types of comparisons, but nonetheless binary search
shines as soon as we start to hit say 50 commits to search from
as you can see below:

```shell
$ go test -v -run=^$ -bench=MemStore
goos: darwin
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch5-4     300000        6491 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch50-4      200000       12064 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch100-4      50000       32987 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch500-4       5000      395521 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch1000-4	       500     2940724 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch5-4     300000        6281 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch50-4      200000       10117 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch100-4     100000       18447 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch500-4      20000       89029 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch1000-4	      5000      265719 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
PASS
ok    github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite 86.614s
$ go test -v -run=^$ -bench=MemStore
goos: darwin
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch5-4     300000        6779 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch50-4      100000       12980 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch100-4      30000       43598 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch500-4       5000      377462 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightLinearSearch1000-4	       500     3278122 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch5-4     300000        7084 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch50-4      200000        9852 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch100-4     100000       19020 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch500-4      20000       99463 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
BenchmarkMemStoreProviderGetByHeightBinarySearch1000-4	      5000      259293 ns/op      1600 B/op       15 allocs/op
PASS
ok    github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite 86.204s
```

which gives
```shell
$ benchstat old.txt new.txt
name                               old time/op    new time/op    delta
MemStoreProviderGetByHeight5-4       6.63µs ± 2%    6.68µs ± 6%   ~             (p=1.000 n=2+2)
MemStoreProviderGetByHeight50-4      12.5µs ± 4%    10.0µs ± 1%   ~             (p=0.333 n=2+2)
MemStoreProviderGetByHeight100-4     38.3µs ±14%    18.7µs ± 2%   ~             (p=0.333 n=2+2)
MemStoreProviderGetByHeight500-4      386µs ± 2%      94µs ± 6%   ~             (p=0.333 n=2+2)
MemStoreProviderGetByHeight1000-4    3.11ms ± 5%    0.26ms ± 1%   ~             (p=0.333 n=2+2)
```

If need be we can make a hybrid algorithm that switches between the
linear and binary search depending on the number of items.
This is reminiscent of Python's TimSort algorithm.

* Vulnerability in light client proxy

When calling GetCertifiedCommit the light client proxy would call
Certify and even on error return the Commit as if it had been correctly
certified.

Now it returns the error correctly and returns an empty Commit on error.

* Improve names for clarity

The lite package now contains StaticCertifier, DynamicCertifier and
InqueringCertifier. This also changes the method receivers from one
letter to two letter names, which will make future refactoring easier
and follows the coding standards.

* Fix test failures

* Rename files

* remove dead code

Fixes #1006

```
goroutine 230 [runnable]:
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/golang.org/x/crypto/ripemd160.(*digest).Sum(0xc420ac2af0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0xc420c01360, 0xc420c01378, 0x20)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/golang.org/x/crypto/ripemd160/ripemd160.go:119 +0x2c9
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tmlibs/merkle.KVPair.Hash(0x49447e8, 0x7, 0x47ff760, 0xc420048d50, 0xc420aba9a0, 0x14, 0x20)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tmlibs/merkle/simple_tree.go:122 +0x200
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tmlibs/merkle.(*KVPair).Hash(0xc4200f7ae0, 0xc420aba9a0, 0x14, 0x20)
	<autogenerated>:1 +0x57
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tmlibs/merkle.SimpleHashFromHashables(0xc420111900, 0x9, 0x10, 0x10, 0xc420ad06c0, 0xc420087500)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tmlibs/merkle/simple_tree.go:87 +0xaa
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tmlibs/merkle.SimpleHashFromMap(0xc420b987e0, 0xc420b987e0, 0x4941892, 0x3)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tmlibs/merkle/simple_tree.go:96 +0x4d
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/types.(*Header).Hash(0xc420a541a0, 0x4034f, 0xc420a28530, 0xa)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/types/block.go:177 +0x54a
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite.Commit.ValidateBasic(0xc420a541a0, 0xc420a1e300, 0xc420a28530, 0xa, 0xb, 0x27)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite/commit.go:83 +0x1c9
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite/files.(*provider).StoreCommit(0xc4202f2780, 0xc420a541a0, 0xc420a1e300, 0xc420a24870, 0x0, 0x0)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite/files/provider.go:71 +0x5e
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite.cacheProvider.StoreCommit(0xc4202f27a0, 0x2, 0x2, 0xc420a541a0, 0xc420a1e300, 0xc420a24870, 0xc420a541a0, 0xc420a1e300)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite/provider.go:39 +0x8f
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite.(*cacheProvider).StoreCommit(0xc4202f27c0, 0xc420a541a0, 0xc420a1e300, 0xc420a24870, 0x2, 0xc420a541a0)
	<autogenerated>:1 +0x70
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite.NewInquiring(0xc420990610, 0xa, 0xc420a541a0, 0xc420a1e300, 0xc420a24870, 0x4f3eb80, 0xc4202f27c0, 0x4f3e5c0, 0xc4202f2840, 0xa)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite/inquirer.go:29 +0x5c
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/client.GetCertifier(0xc420990610, 0xa, 0x4f3eb80, 0xc4202f27c0, 0x4f3e5c0, 0xc4202f2840, 0xc4200f68a0, 0xc420b21888, 0x470eece)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/client/common.go:47 +0x141
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/client/commands.GetCertifier(0x4f46aa0, 0xc4200f68a0, 0xc420b218e0)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/client/commands/common.go:82 +0x83
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/client/commands/query.GetWithProof(0xc420a260c0, 0x22, 0x30, 0x0, 0x4947dd6, 0xc42016a000, 0xc420b219a0, 0x4389d85, 0x0, 0x0, ...)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/client/commands/query/get.go:73 +0x52
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/client/commands/query.Get(0xc420a260c0, 0x22, 0x30, 0x0, 0x1, 0x0, 0xc420b21a08, 0x43c9c91, 0xc4200a20f0, 0x4947dd6, ...)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/client/commands/query/get.go:64 +0x178
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/client/commands/query.GetParsed(0xc420a260c0, 0x22, 0x30, 0x47d1440, 0xc420b984e0, 0x0, 0x1, 0x30, 0x1d, 0x40)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/client/commands/query/get.go:31 +0x5f
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/modules/coin/rest.doQueryAccount(0x4f3d300, 0xc4201ee0e0, 0xc420111500)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/modules/coin/rest/handlers.go:66 +0x3a5
net/http.HandlerFunc.ServeHTTP(0x4a9d808, 0x4f3d300, 0xc4201ee0e0, 0xc420111500)
	/usr/local/go/src/net/http/server.go:1918 +0x44
github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/gorilla/mux.(*Router).ServeHTTP(0xc4201aab40, 0x4f3d300, 0xc4201ee0e0, 0xc420111500)
	/Users/mappum/go/src/github.com/cosmos/gaia/vendor/github.com/gorilla/mux/mux.go:150 +0xed
net/http.serverHandler.ServeHTTP(0xc4209992b0, 0x4f3d300, 0xc4201ee0e0, 0xc420111300)
	/usr/local/go/src/net/http/server.go:2619 +0xb4
net/http.(*conn).serve(0xc4200b5540, 0x4f3df80, 0xc420086900)
	/usr/local/go/src/net/http/server.go:1801 +0x71d
created by net/http.(*Server).Serve
	/usr/local/go/src/net/http/server.go:2720 +0x288
```