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package lite
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"time"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
"github.com/tendermint/tendermint/libs/log"
tmmath "github.com/tendermint/tendermint/libs/math"
tmrand "github.com/tendermint/tendermint/libs/rand"
"github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite2/provider"
"github.com/tendermint/tendermint/lite2/store"
"github.com/tendermint/tendermint/types"
)
// TrustOptions are the trust parameters needed when a new light client
// connects to the network or when an existing light client that has been
// offline for longer than the trusting period connects to the network.
//
// The expectation is the user will get this information from a trusted source
// like a validator, a friend, or a secure website. A more user friendly
// solution with trust tradeoffs is that we establish an https based protocol
// with a default end point that populates this information. Also an on-chain
// registry of roots-of-trust (e.g. on the Cosmos Hub) seems likely in the
// future.
type TrustOptions struct {
// tp: trusting period.
//
// Should be significantly less than the unbonding period (e.g. unbonding
// period = 3 weeks, trusting period = 2 weeks).
//
// More specifically, trusting period + time needed to check headers + time
// needed to report and punish misbehavior should be less than the unbonding
// period.
Period time.Duration
// Header's Height and Hash must both be provided to force the trusting of a
// particular header.
Height int64
Hash []byte
}
type mode byte
const (
sequential mode = iota + 1
skipping
defaultRemoveNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod = 24 * time.Hour
)
// Option sets a parameter for the light client.
type Option func(*Client)
// SequentialVerification option configures the light client to sequentially
// check the headers (every header, in ascending height order). Note this is
// much slower than SkippingVerification, albeit more secure.
func SequentialVerification() Option {
return func(c *Client) {
c.verificationMode = sequential
}
}
// SkippingVerification option configures the light client to skip headers as
// long as {trustLevel} of the old validator set signed the new header. The
// bisection algorithm from the specification is used for finding the minimal
// "trust path".
//
// trustLevel - fraction of the old validator set (in terms of voting power),
// which must sign the new header in order for us to trust it. NOTE this only
// applies to non-adjacent headers. For adjacent headers, sequential
// verification is used.
func SkippingVerification(trustLevel tmmath.Fraction) Option {
if err := ValidateTrustLevel(trustLevel); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
return func(c *Client) {
c.verificationMode = skipping
c.trustLevel = trustLevel
}
}
// AlternativeSources option can be used to supply alternative providers, which
// will be used for cross-checking the primary provider.
func AlternativeSources(providers []provider.Provider) Option {
return func(c *Client) {
c.alternatives = providers
}
}
// RemoveNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod option can be used to define how often
// the routine, which cleans up no longer trusted headers (outside of trusting
// period), is run. Default: once a day. When set to zero, the routine won't be
// started.
func RemoveNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod(d time.Duration) Option {
return func(c *Client) {
c.removeNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod = d
}
}
// ConfirmationFunction option can be used to prompt to confirm an action. For
// example, remove newer headers if the light client is being reset with an
// older header. No confirmation is required by default!
func ConfirmationFunction(fn func(action string) bool) Option {
return func(c *Client) {
c.confirmationFn = fn
}
}
// Client represents a light client, connected to a single chain, which gets
// headers from a primary provider, verifies them either sequentially or by
// skipping some and stores them in a trusted store (usually, a local FS).
//
// Default verification: SkippingVerification(DefaultTrustLevel)
type Client struct {
chainID string
trustingPeriod time.Duration // see TrustOptions.Period
verificationMode mode
trustLevel tmmath.Fraction
// Primary provider of new headers.
primary provider.Provider
// Alternative providers for checking the primary for misbehavior by
// comparing data.
alternatives []provider.Provider
// Where trusted headers are stored.
trustedStore store.Store
// Highest trusted header from the store (height=H).
trustedHeader *types.SignedHeader
// Highest next validator set from the store (height=H+1).
trustedNextVals *types.ValidatorSet
removeNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod time.Duration
confirmationFn func(action string) bool
quit chan struct{}
logger log.Logger
}
// NewClient returns a new light client. It returns an error if it fails to
// obtain the header & vals from the primary or they are invalid (e.g. trust
// hash does not match with the one from the header).
//
// See all Option(s) for the additional configuration.
func NewClient(
chainID string,
trustOptions TrustOptions,
primary provider.Provider,
trustedStore store.Store,
options ...Option) (*Client, error) {
c := &Client{
chainID: chainID,
trustingPeriod: trustOptions.Period,
verificationMode: skipping,
trustLevel: DefaultTrustLevel,
primary: primary,
trustedStore: trustedStore,
removeNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod: defaultRemoveNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod,
confirmationFn: func(action string) bool { return true },
quit: make(chan struct{}),
logger: log.NewNopLogger(),
}
for _, o := range options {
o(c)
}
if err := c.restoreTrustedHeaderAndNextVals(); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if c.trustedHeader != nil {
if err := c.checkTrustedHeaderUsingOptions(trustOptions); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
}
if c.trustedHeader == nil || c.trustedHeader.Height != trustOptions.Height {
if err := c.initializeWithTrustOptions(trustOptions); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
}
if c.removeNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod > 0 {
go c.removeNoLongerTrustedHeadersRoutine()
}
return c, nil
}
// Load trustedHeader and trustedNextVals from trustedStore.
func (c *Client) restoreTrustedHeaderAndNextVals() error {
lastHeight, err := c.trustedStore.LastSignedHeaderHeight()
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "can't get last trusted header height")
}
if lastHeight > 0 {
trustedHeader, err := c.trustedStore.SignedHeader(lastHeight)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "can't get last trusted header")
}
trustedNextVals, err := c.trustedStore.ValidatorSet(lastHeight + 1)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "can't get last trusted next validators")
}
c.trustedHeader = trustedHeader
c.trustedNextVals = trustedNextVals
c.logger.Debug("Restored trusted header and next vals", lastHeight)
}
return nil
}
// if options.Height:
//
// 1) ahead of trustedHeader.Height => fetch header (same height as
// trustedHeader) from primary provider and check it's hash matches the
// trustedHeader's hash (if not, remove trustedHeader and all the headers
// before)
//
// 2) equals trustedHeader.Height => check options.Hash matches the
// trustedHeader's hash (if not, remove trustedHeader and all the headers
// before)
//
// 3) behind trustedHeader.Height => remove all the headers between
// options.Height and trustedHeader.Height, update trustedHeader, then
// check options.Hash matches the trustedHeader's hash (if not, remove
// trustedHeader and all the headers before)
//
// The intuition here is the user is always right. I.e. if she decides to reset
// the light client with an older header, there must be a reason for it.
func (c *Client) checkTrustedHeaderUsingOptions(options TrustOptions) error {
var primaryHash []byte
switch {
case options.Height > c.trustedHeader.Height:
h, err := c.primary.SignedHeader(c.trustedHeader.Height)
if err != nil {
return err
}
primaryHash = h.Hash()
case options.Height == c.trustedHeader.Height:
primaryHash = options.Hash
case options.Height < c.trustedHeader.Height:
c.logger.Info("Client initialized with old header (trusted is more recent)",
"old", options.Height,
"trusted", c.trustedHeader.Height)
action := fmt.Sprintf(
"Rollback to %d (%X)? Note this will remove newer headers up to %d (%X)",
options.Height, options.Hash,
c.trustedHeader.Height, c.trustedHeader.Hash())
if c.confirmationFn(action) {
// remove all the headers ( options.Height, trustedHeader.Height ]
c.cleanup(options.Height + 1)
// set c.trustedHeader to one at options.Height
c.restoreTrustedHeaderAndNextVals()
c.logger.Info("Rolled back to older header (newer headers were removed)",
"old", options.Height)
} else {
return errors.New("rollback aborted")
}
primaryHash = options.Hash
}
if !bytes.Equal(primaryHash, c.trustedHeader.Hash()) {
c.logger.Info("Prev. trusted header's hash (h1) doesn't match hash from primary provider (h2)",
"h1", c.trustedHeader.Hash(), "h1", primaryHash)
action := fmt.Sprintf(
"Prev. trusted header's hash %X doesn't match hash %X from primary provider. Remove all the stored headers?",
c.trustedHeader.Hash(), primaryHash)
if c.confirmationFn(action) {
err := c.Cleanup()
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to cleanup")
}
} else {
return errors.New("refused to remove the stored headers despite hashes mismatch")
}
}
return nil
}
// Fetch trustedHeader and trustedNextVals from primary provider.
func (c *Client) initializeWithTrustOptions(options TrustOptions) error {
// 1) Fetch and verify the header.
h, err := c.primary.SignedHeader(options.Height)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// NOTE: Verify func will check if it's expired or not.
if err := h.ValidateBasic(c.chainID); err != nil {
return err
}
if !bytes.Equal(h.Hash(), options.Hash) {
return errors.Errorf("expected header's hash %X, but got %X", options.Hash, h.Hash())
}
// 2) Fetch and verify the vals.
vals, err := c.primary.ValidatorSet(options.Height)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if !bytes.Equal(h.ValidatorsHash, vals.Hash()) {
return errors.Errorf("expected header's validators (%X) to match those that were supplied (%X)",
h.ValidatorsHash,
vals.Hash(),
)
}
// Ensure that +2/3 of validators signed correctly.
err = vals.VerifyCommit(c.chainID, h.Commit.BlockID, h.Height, h.Commit)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "invalid commit")
}
// 3) Fetch and verify the next vals (verification happens in
// updateTrustedHeaderAndVals).
nextVals, err := c.primary.ValidatorSet(options.Height + 1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// 4) Persist both of them and continue.
return c.updateTrustedHeaderAndVals(h, nextVals)
}
// Stop stops the light client.
func (c *Client) Stop() {
close(c.quit)
}
// SetLogger sets a logger.
func (c *Client) SetLogger(l log.Logger) {
c.logger = l
}
// TrustedHeader returns a trusted header at the given height (0 - the latest)
// or nil if no such header exist.
//
// Headers, which can't be trusted anymore, are removed once a day (can be
// changed with RemoveNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod option).
// .
// height must be >= 0.
//
// It returns an error if:
// - header expired, therefore can't be trusted (ErrOldHeaderExpired);
// - there are some issues with the trusted store, although that should not
// happen normally;
// - negative height is passed.
func (c *Client) TrustedHeader(height int64, now time.Time) (*types.SignedHeader, error) {
if height < 0 {
return nil, errors.New("negative height")
}
if height == 0 {
var err error
height, err = c.LastTrustedHeight()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
}
h, err := c.trustedStore.SignedHeader(height)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if h == nil {
return nil, nil
}
// Ensure header can still be trusted.
if HeaderExpired(h, c.trustingPeriod, now) {
return nil, ErrOldHeaderExpired{h.Time.Add(c.trustingPeriod), now}
}
return h, nil
}
// LastTrustedHeight returns a last trusted height. -1 and nil are returned if
// there are no trusted headers.
func (c *Client) LastTrustedHeight() (int64, error) {
return c.trustedStore.LastSignedHeaderHeight()
}
// ChainID returns the chain ID the light client was configured with.
func (c *Client) ChainID() string {
return c.chainID
}
// VerifyHeaderAtHeight fetches the header and validators at the given height
// and calls VerifyHeader.
//
// If the trusted header is more recent than one here, an error is returned.
func (c *Client) VerifyHeaderAtHeight(height int64, now time.Time) (*types.SignedHeader, error) {
c.logger.Info("VerifyHeaderAtHeight", "height", height)
if c.trustedHeader.Height >= height {
return nil, errors.Errorf("header at more recent height #%d exists", c.trustedHeader.Height)
}
// Request the header and the vals.
newHeader, newVals, err := c.fetchHeaderAndValsAtHeight(height)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return newHeader, c.VerifyHeader(newHeader, newVals, now)
}
// VerifyHeader verifies new header against the trusted state.
//
// SequentialVerification: verifies that 2/3 of the trusted validator set has
// signed the new header. If the headers are not adjacent, **all** intermediate
// headers will be requested.
//
// SkippingVerification(trustLevel): verifies that {trustLevel} of the trusted
// validator set has signed the new header. If it's not the case and the
// headers are not adjacent, bisection is performed and necessary (not all)
// intermediate headers will be requested. See the specification for details.
// https://github.com/tendermint/spec/blob/master/spec/consensus/light-client.md
//
// If the trusted header is more recent than one here, an error is returned.
func (c *Client) VerifyHeader(newHeader *types.SignedHeader, newVals *types.ValidatorSet, now time.Time) error {
c.logger.Info("VerifyHeader", "height", newHeader.Hash(), "newVals", newVals.Hash())
if c.trustedHeader.Height >= newHeader.Height {
return errors.Errorf("header at more recent height #%d exists", c.trustedHeader.Height)
}
if len(c.alternatives) > 0 {
if err := c.compareNewHeaderWithRandomAlternative(newHeader); err != nil {
return err
}
}
var err error
switch c.verificationMode {
case sequential:
err = c.sequence(newHeader, newVals, now)
case skipping:
err = c.bisection(c.trustedHeader, c.trustedNextVals, newHeader, newVals, now)
default:
panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown verification mode: %b", c.verificationMode))
}
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Update trusted header and vals.
nextVals, err := c.primary.ValidatorSet(newHeader.Height + 1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return c.updateTrustedHeaderAndVals(newHeader, nextVals)
}
// Cleanup removes all the data (headers and validator sets) stored.
func (c *Client) Cleanup() error {
c.logger.Info("Cleanup everything")
return c.cleanup(0)
}
// stopHeight=0 -> remove all data
func (c *Client) cleanup(stopHeight int64) error {
// 1) Get the oldest height.
oldestHeight, err := c.trustedStore.FirstSignedHeaderHeight()
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "can't get first trusted height")
}
// 2) Get the latest height.
latestHeight, err := c.trustedStore.LastSignedHeaderHeight()
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "can't get last trusted height")
}
// 3) Remove all headers and validator sets.
if stopHeight == 0 {
stopHeight = oldestHeight
}
for height := stopHeight; height <= latestHeight; height++ {
err = c.trustedStore.DeleteSignedHeaderAndNextValidatorSet(height)
if err != nil {
c.logger.Error("can't remove a trusted header & validator set", "err", err, "height", height)
continue
}
}
c.trustedHeader = nil
c.trustedNextVals = nil
return nil
}
// see VerifyHeader
func (c *Client) sequence(newHeader *types.SignedHeader, newVals *types.ValidatorSet, now time.Time) error {
// 1) Verify any intermediate headers.
var (
interimHeader *types.SignedHeader
nextVals *types.ValidatorSet
err error
)
for height := c.trustedHeader.Height + 1; height < newHeader.Height; height++ {
interimHeader, err = c.primary.SignedHeader(height)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to obtain the header #%d", height)
}
c.logger.Debug("Verify newHeader against lastHeader",
"lastHeight", c.trustedHeader.Height,
"lastHash", c.trustedHeader.Hash(),
"newHeight", interimHeader.Height,
"newHash", interimHeader.Hash())
err = Verify(c.chainID, c.trustedHeader, c.trustedNextVals, interimHeader, c.trustedNextVals,
c.trustingPeriod, now, c.trustLevel)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to verify the header #%d", height)
}
// Update trusted header and vals.
if height == newHeader.Height-1 {
nextVals = newVals
} else {
nextVals, err = c.primary.ValidatorSet(height + 1)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to obtain the vals #%d", height+1)
}
}
err = c.updateTrustedHeaderAndVals(interimHeader, nextVals)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to update trusted state #%d", height)
}
}
// 2) Verify the new header.
return Verify(c.chainID, c.trustedHeader, c.trustedNextVals, newHeader, newVals, c.trustingPeriod, now, c.trustLevel)
}
// see VerifyHeader
func (c *Client) bisection(
lastHeader *types.SignedHeader,
lastVals *types.ValidatorSet,
newHeader *types.SignedHeader,
newVals *types.ValidatorSet,
now time.Time) error {
c.logger.Debug("Verify newHeader against lastHeader",
"lastHeight", lastHeader.Height,
"lastHash", lastHeader.Hash(),
"newHeight", newHeader.Height,
"newHash", newHeader.Hash())
err := Verify(c.chainID, lastHeader, lastVals, newHeader, newVals, c.trustingPeriod, now, c.trustLevel)
switch err.(type) {
case nil:
return nil
case ErrNewValSetCantBeTrusted:
// continue bisection
default:
return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to verify the header #%d", newHeader.Height)
}
pivot := (c.trustedHeader.Height + newHeader.Header.Height) / 2
pivotHeader, pivotVals, err := c.fetchHeaderAndValsAtHeight(pivot)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// left branch
{
err := c.bisection(lastHeader, lastVals, pivotHeader, pivotVals, now)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "bisection of #%d and #%d", lastHeader.Height, pivot)
}
}
// right branch
{
nextVals, err := c.primary.ValidatorSet(pivot + 1)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to obtain the vals #%d", pivot+1)
}
if !bytes.Equal(pivotHeader.NextValidatorsHash, nextVals.Hash()) {
return errors.Errorf("expected next validator's hash %X, but got %X (height #%d)",
pivotHeader.NextValidatorsHash,
nextVals.Hash(),
pivot)
}
err = c.updateTrustedHeaderAndVals(pivotHeader, nextVals)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to update trusted state #%d", pivot)
}
err = c.bisection(pivotHeader, nextVals, newHeader, newVals, now)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "bisection of #%d and #%d", pivot, newHeader.Height)
}
}
return nil
}
// persist header and next validators to trustedStore.
func (c *Client) updateTrustedHeaderAndVals(h *types.SignedHeader, nextVals *types.ValidatorSet) error {
if !bytes.Equal(h.NextValidatorsHash, nextVals.Hash()) {
return errors.Errorf("expected next validator's hash %X, but got %X", h.NextValidatorsHash, nextVals.Hash())
}
if err := c.trustedStore.SaveSignedHeaderAndNextValidatorSet(h, nextVals); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to save trusted header")
}
c.trustedHeader = h
c.trustedNextVals = nextVals
return nil
}
// fetch header and validators for the given height from primary provider.
func (c *Client) fetchHeaderAndValsAtHeight(height int64) (*types.SignedHeader, *types.ValidatorSet, error) {
h, err := c.primary.SignedHeader(height)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to obtain the header #%d", height)
}
vals, err := c.primary.ValidatorSet(height)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to obtain the vals #%d", height)
}
return h, vals, nil
}
// compare header with one from a random alternative provider.
func (c *Client) compareNewHeaderWithRandomAlternative(h *types.SignedHeader) error {
// 1. Pick an alternative provider.
p := c.alternatives[tmrand.Intn(len(c.alternatives))]
// 2. Fetch the header.
altHeader, err := p.SignedHeader(h.Height)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err,
"failed to obtain header #%d from alternative provider %v", h.Height, p)
}
// 3. Compare hashes.
if !bytes.Equal(h.Hash(), altHeader.Hash()) {
// TODO: One of the providers is lying. Send the evidence to fork
// accountability server.
return errors.Errorf(
"new header hash %X does not match one from alternative provider %X",
h.Hash(), altHeader.Hash())
}
return nil
}
func (c *Client) removeNoLongerTrustedHeadersRoutine() {
ticker := time.NewTicker(c.removeNoLongerTrustedHeadersPeriod)
defer ticker.Stop()
for {
select {
case <-ticker.C:
c.RemoveNoLongerTrustedHeaders(time.Now())
case <-c.quit:
return
}
}
}
// RemoveNoLongerTrustedHeaders removes no longer trusted headers (due to
// expiration).
//
// Exposed for testing.
func (c *Client) RemoveNoLongerTrustedHeaders(now time.Time) {
// 1) Get the oldest height.
oldestHeight, err := c.trustedStore.FirstSignedHeaderHeight()
if err != nil {
c.logger.Error("can't get first trusted height", "err", err)
return
}
// 2) Get the latest height.
latestHeight, err := c.LastTrustedHeight()
if err != nil {
c.logger.Error("can't get last trusted height", "err", err)
return
}
// 3) Remove all headers that are outside of the trusting period.
for height := oldestHeight; height <= latestHeight; height++ {
h, err := c.trustedStore.SignedHeader(height)
if err != nil {
c.logger.Error("can't get a trusted header", "err", err, "height", height)
continue
}
if h == nil {
c.logger.Debug("attempted to remove non-existing header", "height", height)
continue
}
// Stop if the header is within the trusting period.
if !HeaderExpired(h, c.trustingPeriod, now) {
break
}
err = c.trustedStore.DeleteSignedHeaderAndNextValidatorSet(height)
if err != nil {
c.logger.Error("can't remove a trusted header & validator set", "err", err, "height", height)
continue
}
}
}