tendermint/docs/spec/blockchain/blockchain.md

Tendermint Blockchain

Here we describe the data structures in the Tendermint blockchain and the rules for validating them.

Data Structures

The Tendermint blockchains consists of a short list of basic data types:

• Block
• Header
• Vote
• BlockID
• Signature
• Evidence

Block

A block consists of a header, a list of transactions, a list of votes (the commit), and a list of evidence of malfeasance (ie. signing conflicting votes).

type Block struct {
    Header      Header
    Txs         [][]byte
    LastCommit  []Vote
    Evidence    []Evidence
}

Header

A block header contains metadata about the block and about the consensus, as well as commitments to the data in the current block, the previous block, and the results returned by the application:

type Header struct {
    // block metadata
    Version             string  // Version string
    ChainID             string  // ID of the chain
    Height              int64   // Current block height
    Time                int64   // UNIX time, in millisconds

    // current block
    NumTxs              int64   // Number of txs in this block
    TxHash              []byte  // SimpleMerkle of the block.Txs
    LastCommitHash      []byte  // SimpleMerkle of the block.LastCommit

    // previous block
    TotalTxs            int64   // prevBlock.TotalTxs + block.NumTxs
    LastBlockID         BlockID // BlockID of prevBlock

    // application
    ResultsHash         []byte  // SimpleMerkle of []abci.Result from prevBlock
    AppHash             []byte  // Arbitrary state digest
    ValidatorsHash      []byte  // SimpleMerkle of the current ValidatorSet
    NextValidatorsHash  []byte  // SimpleMerkle of the next ValidatorSet
    ConsensusParamsHash []byte  // SimpleMerkle of the ConsensusParams

    // consensus
    EvidenceHash        []byte  // SimpleMerkle of []Evidence
    ProposerAddress     []byte  // Address of the original proposer of the block
}

Further details on each of these fields is described below.

BlockID

The BlockID contains two distinct Merkle roots of the block. The first, used as the block's main hash, is the Merkle root of all the fields in the header. The second, used for secure gossipping of the block during consensus, is the Merkle root of the complete serialized block cut into parts. The BlockID includes these two hashes, as well as the number of parts.

type BlockID struct {
    Hash []byte
    Parts PartsHeader
}

type PartsHeader struct {
    Hash []byte
    Total int32
}

Vote

A vote is a signed message from a validator for a particular block. The vote includes information about the validator signing it.

type Vote struct {
    Timestamp   int64
    Address     []byte
    Index       int
    Height      int64
    Round       int
    Type        int8
    BlockID     BlockID
    Signature   Signature
}

There are two types of votes: a prevote has vote.Type == 1 and a precommit has vote.Type == 2.

Signature

Tendermint allows for multiple signature schemes to be used by prepending a single type-byte to the signature bytes. Different signatures may also come with fixed or variable lengths. Currently, Tendermint supports Ed25519 and Secp256k1.

ED25519

An ED25519 signature has Type == 0x1. It looks like:

// Implements Signature
type Ed25519Signature struct {
    Type        int8        = 0x1
    Signature   [64]byte
}

where Signature is the 64 byte signature.

Secp256k1

A Secp256k1 signature has Type == 0x2. It looks like:

// Implements Signature
type Secp256k1Signature struct {
    Type        int8        = 0x2
    Signature   []byte
}

where Signature is the DER encoded signature, ie:

0x30 <length of whole message> <0x02> <length of R> <R> 0x2 <length of S> <S>.

Evidence

TODO

Validation

Here we describe the validation rules for every element in a block. Blocks which do not satisfy these rules are considered invalid.

We abuse notation by using something that looks like Go, supplemented with English. A statement such as x == y is an assertion - if it fails, the item is invalid.

We refer to certain globally available objects: block is the block under consideration, prevBlock is the block at the previous height, and state keeps track of the validator set, the consensus parameters and other results from the application. At the point when block is the block under consideration, the current version of the state corresponds to the state after executing transactions from the prevBlock. Elements of an object are accessed as expected, ie. block.Header. See here for the definition of state.

Header

A Header is valid if its corresponding fields are valid.

Version

Arbitrary string.

ChainID

Arbitrary constant string.

Height

block.Header.Height > 0
block.Header.Height == prevBlock.Header.Height + 1

The height is an incrementing integer. The first block has block.Header.Height == 1.

Time

The median of the timestamps of the valid votes in the block.LastCommit. Corresponds to the number of nanoseconds, with millisecond resolution, since January 1, 1970.

Note: the timestamp of a vote must be greater by at least one millisecond than that of the block being voted on.

NumTxs

block.Header.NumTxs == len(block.Txs)

Number of transactions included in the block.

TxHash

block.Header.TxHash == SimpleMerkleRoot(block.Txs)

Simple Merkle root of the transactions in the block.

LastCommitHash

block.Header.LastCommitHash == SimpleMerkleRoot(block.LastCommit)

Simple Merkle root of the votes included in the block. These are the votes that committed the previous block.

The first block has block.Header.LastCommitHash == []byte{}

TotalTxs

block.Header.TotalTxs == prevBlock.Header.TotalTxs + block.Header.NumTxs

The cumulative sum of all transactions included in this blockchain.

The first block has block.Header.TotalTxs = block.Header.NumberTxs.

LastBlockID

LastBlockID is the previous block's BlockID:

prevBlockParts := MakeParts(prevBlock, state.LastConsensusParams.BlockGossip.BlockPartSize)
block.Header.LastBlockID == BlockID {
    Hash: SimpleMerkleRoot(prevBlock.Header),
    PartsHeader{
        Hash: SimpleMerkleRoot(prevBlockParts),
        Total: len(prevBlockParts),
    },
}

Note: it depends on the ConsensusParams, which are held in the state and may be updated by the application.

The first block has block.Header.LastBlockID == BlockID{}.

ResultsHash

block.ResultsHash == SimpleMerkleRoot(state.LastResults)

Simple Merkle root of the results of the transactions in the previous block.

The first block has block.Header.ResultsHash == []byte{}.

AppHash

block.AppHash == state.AppHash

Arbitrary byte array returned by the application after executing and commiting the previous block.

The first block has block.Header.AppHash == []byte{}.

ValidatorsHash

block.ValidatorsHash == SimpleMerkleRoot(state.Validators)

Simple Merkle root of the current validator set that is committing the block. This can be used to validate the LastCommit included in the next block.

NextValidatorsHash

block.NextValidatorsHash == SimpleMerkleRoot(state.NextValidators)

Simple Merkle root of the next validator set that will be the validator set that commits the next block. Modifications to the validator set are defined by the application.

ConsensusParamsHash

block.ConsensusParamsHash == SimpleMerkleRoot(state.ConsensusParams)

Simple Merkle root of the consensus parameters. May be updated by the application.

ProposerAddress

block.Header.ProposerAddress in state.Validators

Address of the original proposer of the block. Must be a current validator.

NOTE: we also need to track the round.

EvidenceHash

block.EvidenceHash == SimpleMerkleRoot(block.Evidence)

Simple Merkle root of the evidence of Byzantine behaviour included in this block.

Txs

Arbitrary length array of arbitrary length byte-arrays.

LastCommit

The first height is an exception - it requires the LastCommit to be empty:

if block.Header.Height == 1 {
    len(b.LastCommit) == 0
}

Otherwise, we require:

len(block.LastCommit) == len(state.LastValidators)
talliedVotingPower := 0
for i, vote := range block.LastCommit{
    if vote == nil{
        continue
    }
    vote.Type == 2
    vote.Height == block.LastCommit.Height()
    vote.Round == block.LastCommit.Round()
    vote.BlockID == block.LastBlockID

    val := state.LastValidators[i]
    vote.Verify(block.ChainID, val.PubKey) == true

    talliedVotingPower += val.VotingPower
}

talliedVotingPower > (2/3) * TotalVotingPower(state.LastValidators)

Includes one (possibly nil) vote for every current validator. Non-nil votes must be Precommits. All votes must be for the same height and round. All votes must be for the previous block. All votes must have a valid signature from the corresponding validator. The sum total of the voting power of the validators that voted must be greater than 2/3 of the total voting power of the complete validator set.

Vote

A vote is a signed message broadcast in the consensus for a particular block at a particular height and round. When stored in the blockchain or propagated over the network, votes are encoded in TMBIN. For signing, votes are encoded in JSON, and the ChainID is included, in the form of the CanonicalSignBytes.

We define a method Verify that returns true if the signature verifies against the pubkey for the CanonicalSignBytes using the given ChainID:

func (v Vote) Verify(chainID string, pubKey PubKey) bool {
    return pubKey.Verify(v.Signature, CanonicalSignBytes(chainID, v))
}

where pubKey.Verify performs the appropriate digital signature verification of the pubKey against the given signature and message bytes.

Evidence

There is currently only one kind of evidence:

// amino: "tendermint/DuplicateVoteEvidence"
type DuplicateVoteEvidence struct {
	PubKey crypto.PubKey
	VoteA  *Vote
	VoteB  *Vote
}

DuplicateVoteEvidence ev is valid if

• ev.VoteA and ev.VoteB can be verified with ev.PubKey
• ev.VoteA and ev.VoteB have the same Height, Round, Address, Index, Type
• ev.VoteA.BlockID != ev.VoteB.BlockID
• (block.Height - ev.VoteA.Height) < MAX_EVIDENCE_AGE

Execution

Once a block is validated, it can be executed against the state.

The state follows this recursive equation:

state(1) = InitialState
state(h+1) <- Execute(state(h), ABCIApp, block(h))

where InitialState includes the initial consensus parameters and validator set, and ABCIApp is an ABCI application that can return results and changes to the validator set (TODO). Execute is defined as:

Execute(s State, app ABCIApp, block Block) State {
    // Fuction ApplyBlock executes block of transactions against the app and returns the new root hash of the app state,
    // modifications to the validator set and the changes of the consensus parameters.
    AppHash, ValidatorChanges, ConsensusParamChanges := app.ApplyBlock(block)

    return State{
        LastResults: abciResponses.DeliverTxResults,
        AppHash: AppHash,
        LastValidators: state.Validators,
        Validators: state.NextValidators,
        NextValidators: UpdateValidators(state.NextValidators, ValidatorChanges), 
        ConsensusParams: UpdateConsensusParams(state.ConsensusParams, ConsensusParamChanges),
    }
}