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265 lines
12 KiB
265 lines
12 KiB
package light
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import (
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"bytes"
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"context"
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"errors"
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"fmt"
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"time"
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"github.com/tendermint/tendermint/light/provider"
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"github.com/tendermint/tendermint/types"
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)
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// The detector component of the light client detect and handles attacks on the light client.
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// More info here:
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// tendermint/docs/architecture/adr-047-handling-evidence-from-light-client.md
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// detectDivergence is a second wall of defense for the light client and is used
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// only in the case of skipping verification which employs the trust level mechanism.
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//
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// It takes the target verified header and compares it with the headers of a set of
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// witness providers that the light client is connected to. If a conflicting header
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// is returned it verifies and examines the conflicting header against the verified
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// trace that was produced from the primary. If successful it produces two sets of evidence
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// and sends them to the opposite provider before halting.
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//
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// If there are no conflictinge headers, the light client deems the verified target header
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// trusted and saves it to the trusted store.
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func (c *Client) detectDivergence(ctx context.Context, primaryTrace []*types.LightBlock, now time.Time) error {
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if primaryTrace == nil || len(primaryTrace) < 2 {
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return errors.New("nil or single block primary trace")
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}
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var (
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headerMatched bool
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lastVerifiedHeader = primaryTrace[len(primaryTrace)-1].SignedHeader
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witnessesToRemove = make([]int, 0)
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)
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c.logger.Debug("Running detector against trace", "endBlockHeight", lastVerifiedHeader.Height,
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"endBlockHash", lastVerifiedHeader.Hash, "length", len(primaryTrace))
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c.providerMutex.Lock()
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defer c.providerMutex.Unlock()
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if len(c.witnesses) == 0 {
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return errNoWitnesses{}
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}
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// launch one goroutine per witness to retrieve the light block of the target height
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// and compare it with the header from the primary
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errc := make(chan error, len(c.witnesses))
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for i, witness := range c.witnesses {
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go c.compareNewHeaderWithWitness(ctx, errc, lastVerifiedHeader, witness, i)
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}
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// handle errors from the header comparisons as they come in
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for i := 0; i < cap(errc); i++ {
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err := <-errc
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switch e := err.(type) {
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case nil: // at least one header matched
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headerMatched = true
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case errConflictingHeaders:
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// We have conflicting headers. This could possibly imply an attack on the light client.
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// First we need to verify the witness's header using the same skipping verification and then we
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// need to find the point that the headers diverge and examine this for any evidence of an attack.
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//
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// We combine these actions together, verifying the witnesses headers and outputting the trace
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// which captures the bifurcation point and if successful provides the information to create
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supportingWitness := c.witnesses[e.WitnessIndex]
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witnessTrace, primaryBlock, err := c.examineConflictingHeaderAgainstTrace(
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ctx,
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primaryTrace,
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e.Block.SignedHeader,
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supportingWitness,
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now,
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)
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if err != nil {
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c.logger.Info("Error validating witness's divergent header", "witness", supportingWitness, "err", err)
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witnessesToRemove = append(witnessesToRemove, e.WitnessIndex)
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continue
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}
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// if this is an equivocation or amnesia attack, i.e. the validator sets are the same, then we
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// return the height of the conflicting block else if it is a lunatic attack and the validator sets
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// are not the same then we send the height of the common header.
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commonHeight := primaryBlock.Height
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if isInvalidHeader(witnessTrace[len(witnessTrace)-1].Header, primaryBlock.Header) {
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// height of the common header
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commonHeight = witnessTrace[0].Height
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}
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// We are suspecting that the primary is faulty, hence we hold the witness as the source of truth
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// and generate evidence against the primary that we can send to the witness
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primaryEv := &types.LightClientAttackEvidence{
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ConflictingBlock: primaryBlock,
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CommonHeight: commonHeight, // the first block in the bisection is common to both providers
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}
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c.logger.Error("Attempted attack detected. Sending evidence againt primary by witness", "ev", primaryEv,
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"primary", c.primary, "witness", supportingWitness)
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c.sendEvidence(ctx, primaryEv, supportingWitness)
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if primaryBlock.Commit.Round != witnessTrace[len(witnessTrace)-1].Commit.Round {
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c.logger.Info("The light client has detected, and prevented, an attempted amnesia attack." +
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" We think this attack is pretty unlikely, so if you see it, that's interesting to us." +
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" Can you let us know by opening an issue through https://github.com/tendermint/tendermint/issues/new?")
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}
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// This may not be valid because the witness itself is at fault. So now we reverse it, examining the
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// trace provided by the witness and holding the primary as the source of truth. Note: primary may not
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// respond but this is okay as we will halt anyway.
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primaryTrace, witnessBlock, err := c.examineConflictingHeaderAgainstTrace(
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ctx,
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witnessTrace,
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primaryBlock.SignedHeader,
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c.primary,
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now,
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)
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if err != nil {
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c.logger.Info("Error validating primary's divergent header", "primary", c.primary, "err", err)
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return ErrLightClientAttack
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}
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// if this is an equivocation or amnesia attack, i.e. the validator sets are the same, then we
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// return the height of the conflicting block else if it is a lunatic attack and the validator sets
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// are not the same then we send the height of the common header.
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commonHeight = primaryBlock.Height
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if isInvalidHeader(primaryTrace[len(primaryTrace)-1].Header, witnessBlock.Header) {
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// height of the common header
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commonHeight = primaryTrace[0].Height
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}
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// We now use the primary trace to create evidence against the witness and send it to the primary
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witnessEv := &types.LightClientAttackEvidence{
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ConflictingBlock: witnessBlock,
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CommonHeight: commonHeight, // the first block in the bisection is common to both providers
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}
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c.logger.Error("Sending evidence against witness by primary", "ev", witnessEv,
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"primary", c.primary, "witness", supportingWitness)
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c.sendEvidence(ctx, witnessEv, c.primary)
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// We return the error and don't process anymore witnesses
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return ErrLightClientAttack
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case errBadWitness:
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c.logger.Info("Witness returned an error during header comparison", "witness", c.witnesses[e.WitnessIndex],
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"err", err)
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// if witness sent us an invalid header, then remove it. If it didn't respond or couldn't find the block, then we
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// ignore it and move on to the next witness
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if _, ok := e.Reason.(provider.ErrBadLightBlock); ok {
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c.logger.Info("Witness sent us invalid header / vals -> removing it", "witness", c.witnesses[e.WitnessIndex])
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witnessesToRemove = append(witnessesToRemove, e.WitnessIndex)
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}
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}
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}
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for _, idx := range witnessesToRemove {
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c.removeWitness(idx)
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}
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// 1. If we had at least one witness that returned the same header then we
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// conclude that we can trust the header
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if headerMatched {
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return nil
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}
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// 2. ELse all witnesses have either not responded, don't have the block or sent invalid blocks.
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return ErrFailedHeaderCrossReferencing
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}
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// compareNewHeaderWithWitness takes the verified header from the primary and compares it with a
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// header from a specified witness. The function can return one of three errors:
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//
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// 1: errConflictingHeaders -> there may have been an attack on this light client
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// 2: errBadWitness -> the witness has either not responded, doesn't have the header or has given us an invalid one
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// Note: In the case of an invalid header we remove the witness
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// 3: nil -> the hashes of the two headers match
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func (c *Client) compareNewHeaderWithWitness(ctx context.Context, errc chan error, h *types.SignedHeader,
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witness provider.Provider, witnessIndex int) {
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lightBlock, err := witness.LightBlock(ctx, h.Height)
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if err != nil {
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errc <- errBadWitness{Reason: err, WitnessIndex: witnessIndex}
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return
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}
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if !bytes.Equal(h.Hash(), lightBlock.Hash()) {
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errc <- errConflictingHeaders{Block: lightBlock, WitnessIndex: witnessIndex}
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}
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c.logger.Debug("Matching header received by witness", "height", h.Height, "witness", witnessIndex)
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errc <- nil
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}
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// sendEvidence sends evidence to a provider on a best effort basis.
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func (c *Client) sendEvidence(ctx context.Context, ev *types.LightClientAttackEvidence, receiver provider.Provider) {
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err := receiver.ReportEvidence(ctx, ev)
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if err != nil {
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c.logger.Error("Failed to report evidence to provider", "ev", ev, "provider", receiver)
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}
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}
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// examineConflictingHeaderAgainstTrace takes a trace from one provider and a divergent header that
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// it has received from another and preforms verifySkipping at the heights of each of the intermediate
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// headers in the trace until it reaches the divergentHeader. 1 of 2 things can happen.
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//
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// 1. The light client verifies a header that is different to the intermediate header in the trace. This
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// is the bifurcation point and the light client can create evidence from it
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// 2. The source stops responding, doesn't have the block or sends an invalid header in which case we
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// return the error and remove the witness
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func (c *Client) examineConflictingHeaderAgainstTrace(
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ctx context.Context,
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trace []*types.LightBlock,
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divergentHeader *types.SignedHeader,
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source provider.Provider, now time.Time) ([]*types.LightBlock, *types.LightBlock, error) {
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var previouslyVerifiedBlock *types.LightBlock
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for idx, traceBlock := range trace {
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// The first block in the trace MUST be the same to the light block that the source produces
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// else we cannot continue with verification.
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sourceBlock, err := source.LightBlock(ctx, traceBlock.Height)
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if err != nil {
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return nil, nil, err
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}
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if idx == 0 {
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if shash, thash := sourceBlock.Hash(), traceBlock.Hash(); !bytes.Equal(shash, thash) {
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return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("trusted block is different to the source's first block (%X = %X)",
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thash, shash)
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}
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previouslyVerifiedBlock = sourceBlock
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continue
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}
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// we check that the source provider can verify a block at the same height of the
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// intermediate height
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trace, err := c.verifySkipping(ctx, source, previouslyVerifiedBlock, sourceBlock, now)
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if err != nil {
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return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("verifySkipping of conflicting header failed: %w", err)
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}
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// check if the headers verified by the source has diverged from the trace
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if shash, thash := sourceBlock.Hash(), traceBlock.Hash(); !bytes.Equal(shash, thash) {
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// Bifurcation point found!
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return trace, traceBlock, nil
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}
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// headers are still the same. update the previouslyVerifiedBlock
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previouslyVerifiedBlock = sourceBlock
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}
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// We have reached the end of the trace without observing a divergence. The last header is thus different
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// from the divergent header that the source originally sent us, then we return an error.
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return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("source provided different header to the original header it provided (%X != %X)",
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previouslyVerifiedBlock.Hash(), divergentHeader.Hash())
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}
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// isInvalidHeader takes a trusted header and matches it againt a conflicting header
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// to determine whether the conflicting header was the product of a valid state transition
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// or not. If it is then all the deterministic fields of the header should be the same.
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// If not, it is an invalid header and constitutes a lunatic attack.
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func isInvalidHeader(trusted, conflicting *types.Header) bool {
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return !bytes.Equal(trusted.ValidatorsHash, conflicting.ValidatorsHash) ||
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!bytes.Equal(trusted.NextValidatorsHash, conflicting.NextValidatorsHash) ||
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!bytes.Equal(trusted.ConsensusHash, conflicting.ConsensusHash) ||
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!bytes.Equal(trusted.AppHash, conflicting.AppHash) ||
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!bytes.Equal(trusted.LastResultsHash, conflicting.LastResultsHash)
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}
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