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package clist
/*
The purpose of CList is to provide a goroutine-safe linked-list.
This list can be traversed concurrently by any number of goroutines.
However, removed CElements cannot be added back.
NOTE: Not all methods of container/list are (yet) implemented.
NOTE: Removed elements need to DetachPrev or DetachNext consistently
to ensure garbage collection of removed elements.
*/
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
)
// MaxLength is the max allowed number of elements a linked list is
// allowed to contain.
// If more elements are pushed to the list it will panic.
const MaxLength = int(^uint(0) >> 1)
/*
CElement is an element of a linked-list
Traversal from a CElement is goroutine-safe.
We can't avoid using WaitGroups or for-loops given the documentation
spec without re-implementing the primitives that already exist in
golang/sync. Notice that WaitGroup allows many go-routines to be
simultaneously released, which is what we want. Mutex doesn't do
this. RWMutex does this, but it's clumsy to use in the way that a
WaitGroup would be used -- and we'd end up having two RWMutex's for
prev/next each, which is doubly confusing.
sync.Cond would be sort-of useful, but we don't need a write-lock in
the for-loop. Use sync.Cond when you need serial access to the
"condition". In our case our condition is if `next != nil || removed`,
and there's no reason to serialize that condition for goroutines
waiting on NextWait() (since it's just a read operation).
*/
type CElement struct {
mtx sync.RWMutex
prev *CElement
prevWg *sync.WaitGroup
prevWaitCh chan struct{}
next *CElement
nextWg *sync.WaitGroup
nextWaitCh chan struct{}
removed bool
Value interface{} // immutable
}
// Blocking implementation of Next().
// May return nil iff CElement was tail and got removed.
func (e *CElement) NextWait() *CElement {
for {
e.mtx.RLock()
next := e.next
nextWg := e.nextWg
removed := e.removed
e.mtx.RUnlock()
if next != nil || removed {
return next
}
nextWg.Wait()
// e.next doesn't necessarily exist here.
// That's why we need to continue a for-loop.
}
}
// Blocking implementation of Prev().
// May return nil iff CElement was head and got removed.
func (e *CElement) PrevWait() *CElement {
for {
e.mtx.RLock()
prev := e.prev
prevWg := e.prevWg
removed := e.removed
e.mtx.RUnlock()
if prev != nil || removed {
return prev
}
prevWg.Wait()
}
}
// PrevWaitChan can be used to wait until Prev becomes not nil. Once it does,
// channel will be closed.
func (e *CElement) PrevWaitChan() <-chan struct{} {
e.mtx.RLock()
defer e.mtx.RUnlock()
return e.prevWaitCh
}
// NextWaitChan can be used to wait until Next becomes not nil. Once it does,
// channel will be closed.
func (e *CElement) NextWaitChan() <-chan struct{} {
e.mtx.RLock()
defer e.mtx.RUnlock()
return e.nextWaitCh
}
// Nonblocking, may return nil if at the end.
func (e *CElement) Next() *CElement {
e.mtx.RLock()
val := e.next
e.mtx.RUnlock()
return val
}
// Nonblocking, may return nil if at the end.
func (e *CElement) Prev() *CElement {
e.mtx.RLock()
prev := e.prev
e.mtx.RUnlock()
return prev
}
func (e *CElement) Removed() bool {
e.mtx.RLock()
isRemoved := e.removed
e.mtx.RUnlock()
return isRemoved
}
func (e *CElement) DetachNext() {
e.mtx.Lock()
if !e.removed {
e.mtx.Unlock()
panic("DetachNext() must be called after Remove(e)")
}
e.next = nil
e.mtx.Unlock()
}
func (e *CElement) DetachPrev() {
e.mtx.Lock()
if !e.removed {
e.mtx.Unlock()
panic("DetachPrev() must be called after Remove(e)")
}
e.prev = nil
e.mtx.Unlock()
}
// NOTE: This function needs to be safe for
// concurrent goroutines waiting on nextWg.
func (e *CElement) SetNext(newNext *CElement) {
e.mtx.Lock()
oldNext := e.next
e.next = newNext
if oldNext != nil && newNext == nil {
// See https://golang.org/pkg/sync/:
//
// If a WaitGroup is reused to wait for several independent sets of
// events, new Add calls must happen after all previous Wait calls have
// returned.
e.nextWg = waitGroup1() // WaitGroups are difficult to re-use.
e.nextWaitCh = make(chan struct{})
}
if oldNext == nil && newNext != nil {
e.nextWg.Done()
close(e.nextWaitCh)
}
e.mtx.Unlock()
}
// NOTE: This function needs to be safe for
// concurrent goroutines waiting on prevWg
func (e *CElement) SetPrev(newPrev *CElement) {
e.mtx.Lock()
oldPrev := e.prev
e.prev = newPrev
if oldPrev != nil && newPrev == nil {
e.prevWg = waitGroup1() // WaitGroups are difficult to re-use.
e.prevWaitCh = make(chan struct{})
}
if oldPrev == nil && newPrev != nil {
e.prevWg.Done()
close(e.prevWaitCh)
}
e.mtx.Unlock()
}
func (e *CElement) SetRemoved() {
e.mtx.Lock()
e.removed = true
// This wakes up anyone waiting in either direction.
if e.prev == nil {
e.prevWg.Done()
close(e.prevWaitCh)
}
if e.next == nil {
e.nextWg.Done()
close(e.nextWaitCh)
}
e.mtx.Unlock()
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// CList represents a linked list.
// The zero value for CList is an empty list ready to use.
// Operations are goroutine-safe.
// Panics if length grows beyond the max.
type CList struct {
mtx sync.RWMutex
wg *sync.WaitGroup
waitCh chan struct{}
head *CElement // first element
tail *CElement // last element
len int // list length
maxLen int // max list length
}
func (l *CList) Init() *CList {
l.mtx.Lock()
l.wg = waitGroup1()
l.waitCh = make(chan struct{})
l.head = nil
l.tail = nil
l.len = 0
l.mtx.Unlock()
return l
}
// Return CList with MaxLength. CList will panic if it goes beyond MaxLength.
func New() *CList { return newWithMax(MaxLength) }
// Return CList with given maxLength.
// Will panic if list exceeds given maxLength.
func newWithMax(maxLength int) *CList {
l := new(CList)
l.maxLen = maxLength
return l.Init()
}
func (l *CList) Len() int {
l.mtx.RLock()
len := l.len
l.mtx.RUnlock()
return len
}
func (l *CList) Front() *CElement {
l.mtx.RLock()
head := l.head
l.mtx.RUnlock()
return head
}
func (l *CList) FrontWait() *CElement {
// Loop until the head is non-nil else wait and try again
for {
l.mtx.RLock()
head := l.head
wg := l.wg
l.mtx.RUnlock()
if head != nil {
return head
}
wg.Wait()
// NOTE: If you think l.head exists here, think harder.
}
}
func (l *CList) Back() *CElement {
l.mtx.RLock()
back := l.tail
l.mtx.RUnlock()
return back
}
func (l *CList) BackWait() *CElement {
for {
l.mtx.RLock()
tail := l.tail
wg := l.wg
l.mtx.RUnlock()
if tail != nil {
return tail
}
wg.Wait()
// l.tail doesn't necessarily exist here.
// That's why we need to continue a for-loop.
}
}
// WaitChan can be used to wait until Front or Back becomes not nil. Once it
// does, channel will be closed.
func (l *CList) WaitChan() <-chan struct{} {
l.mtx.Lock()
defer l.mtx.Unlock()
return l.waitCh
}
// Panics if list grows beyond its max length.
func (l *CList) PushBack(v interface{}) *CElement {
l.mtx.Lock()
// Construct a new element
e := &CElement{
prev: nil,
prevWg: waitGroup1(),
prevWaitCh: make(chan struct{}),
next: nil,
nextWg: waitGroup1(),
nextWaitCh: make(chan struct{}),
removed: false,
Value: v,
}
// Release waiters on FrontWait/BackWait maybe
if l.len == 0 {
l.wg.Done()
close(l.waitCh)
}
if l.len >= l.maxLen {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("clist: maximum length list reached %d", l.maxLen))
}
l.len++
// Modify the tail
if l.tail == nil {
l.head = e
l.tail = e
} else {
e.SetPrev(l.tail) // We must init e first.
l.tail.SetNext(e) // This will make e accessible.
l.tail = e // Update the list.
}
l.mtx.Unlock()
return e
}
// CONTRACT: Caller must call e.DetachPrev() and/or e.DetachNext() to avoid memory leaks.
// NOTE: As per the contract of CList, removed elements cannot be added back.
func (l *CList) Remove(e *CElement) interface{} {
l.mtx.Lock()
prev := e.Prev()
next := e.Next()
if l.head == nil || l.tail == nil {
l.mtx.Unlock()
panic("Remove(e) on empty CList")
}
if prev == nil && l.head != e {
l.mtx.Unlock()
panic("Remove(e) with false head")
}
if next == nil && l.tail != e {
l.mtx.Unlock()
panic("Remove(e) with false tail")
}
// If we're removing the only item, make CList FrontWait/BackWait wait.
if l.len == 1 {
l.wg = waitGroup1() // WaitGroups are difficult to re-use.
l.waitCh = make(chan struct{})
}
// Update l.len
l.len--
// Connect next/prev and set head/tail
if prev == nil {
l.head = next
} else {
prev.SetNext(next)
}
if next == nil {
l.tail = prev
} else {
next.SetPrev(prev)
}
// Set .Done() on e, otherwise waiters will wait forever.
e.SetRemoved()
l.mtx.Unlock()
return e.Value
}
func waitGroup1() (wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
wg = &sync.WaitGroup{}
wg.Add(1)
return
}