tendermint/docs/spec/blockchain/encoding.md

Tendermint Encoding

Amino

Tendermint uses the proto3 derivative Amino for all data structures. Think of Amino as an object-oriented proto3 with native JSON support. The goal of the Amino encoding protocol is to bring parity between application logic objects and persistence objects.

Please see the Amino specification for more details.

Notably, every object that satisfies an interface (eg. a particular kind of p2p message, or a particular kind of pubkey) is registered with a global name, the hash of which is included in the object's encoding as the so-called "prefix bytes".

We define the func AminoEncode(obj interface{}) []byte function to take an arbitrary object and return the Amino encoded bytes.

Byte Arrays

The encoding of a byte array is simply the raw-bytes prefixed with the length of the array as a UVarint (what proto calls a Varint).

For details on varints, see the protobuf spec.

For example, the byte-array [0xA, 0xB] would be encoded as 0x020A0B, while a byte-array containing 300 entires beginning with [0xA, 0xB, ...] would be encoded as 0xAC020A0B... where 0xAC02 is the UVarint encoding of 300.

Public Key Cryptography

Tendermint uses Amino to distinguish between different types of private keys, public keys, and signatures. Additionally, for each public key, Tendermint defines an Address function that can be used as a more compact identifier in place of the public key. Here we list the concrete types, their names, and prefix bytes for public keys and signatures, as well as the address schemes for each PubKey. Note for brevity we don't include details of the private keys beyond their type and name, as they can be derived the same way as the others using Amino.

All registered objects are encoded by Amino using a 4-byte PrefixBytes that uniquely identifies the object and includes information about its underlying type. For details on how PrefixBytes are computed, see the Amino spec.

In what follows, we provide the type names and prefix bytes directly. Notice that when encoding byte-arrays, the length of the byte-array is appended to the PrefixBytes. Thus the encoding of a byte array becomes <PrefixBytes> <Length> <ByteArray>. In other words, to encode any type listed below you do not need to be familiar with amino encoding. You can simply use below table and concatenate Prefix || Length (of raw bytes) || raw bytes ( while || stands for byte concatenation here).

Type	Name	Prefix	Length
PubKeyEd25519	tendermint/PubKeyEd25519	0x1624DE62	0x20
PubKeyLedgerEd25519	tendermint/PubKeyLedgerEd25519	0x5C3453B2	0x20
PubKeySecp256k1	tendermint/PubKeySecp256k1	0xEB5AE982	0x21
PrivKeyEd25519	tendermint/PrivKeyEd25519	0xA3288912	0x40
PrivKeySecp256k1	tendermint/PrivKeySecp256k1	0xE1B0F79A	0x20
PrivKeyLedgerSecp256k1	tendermint/PrivKeyLedgerSecp256k1	0x10CAB393	variable
PrivKeyLedgerEd25519	tendermint/PrivKeyLedgerEd25519	0x0CFEEF9B	variable
SignatureEd25519	tendermint/SignatureKeyEd25519	0x3DA1DB2A	0x40
SignatureSecp256k1	tendermint/SignatureKeySecp256k1	0x16E1FEEA	variable

Examples

1. For example, the 33-byte (or 0x21-byte in hex) Secp256k1 pubkey 020BD40F225A57ED383B440CF073BC5539D0341F5767D2BF2D78406D00475A2EE9 would be encoded as EB5AE98221020BD40F225A57ED383B440CF073BC5539D0341F5767D2BF2D78406D00475A2EE9

2. For example, the variable size Secp256k1 signature (in this particular example 70 or 0x46 bytes) 304402201CD4B8C764D2FD8AF23ECFE6666CA8A53886D47754D951295D2D311E1FEA33BF02201E0F906BB1CF2C30EAACFFB032A7129358AFF96B9F79B06ACFFB18AC90C2ADD7 would be encoded as 16E1FEEA46304402201CD4B8C764D2FD8AF23ECFE6666CA8A53886D47754D951295D2D311E1FEA33BF02201E0F906BB1CF2C30EAACFFB032A7129358AFF96B9F79B06ACFFB18AC90C2ADD7

Addresses

Addresses for each public key types are computed as follows:

Ed25519

First 20-bytes of the SHA256 hash of the raw 32-byte public key:

address = SHA256(pubkey)[:20]

NOTE: before v0.22.0, this was the RIPEMD160 of the Amino encoded public key.

Secp256k1

RIPEMD160 hash of the SHA256 hash of the OpenSSL compressed public key:

address = RIPEMD160(SHA256(pubkey))

This is the same as Bitcoin.

Other Common Types

BitArray

The BitArray is used in block headers and some consensus messages to signal whether or not something was done by each validator. BitArray is represented with a struct containing the number of bits (Bits) and the bit-array itself encoded in base64 (Elems).

type BitArray struct {
    Bits  int
    Elems []uint64
}

This type is easily encoded directly by Amino.

Note BitArray receives a special JSON encoding in the form of x and _ representing 1 and 0. Ie. the BitArray 10110 would be JSON encoded as "x_xx_"

Part

Part is used to break up blocks into pieces that can be gossiped in parallel and securely verified using a Merkle tree of the parts.

Part contains the index of the part in the larger set (Index), the actual underlying data of the part (Bytes), and a simple Merkle proof that the part is contained in the larger set (Proof).

type Part struct {
    Index int
    Bytes byte[]
    Proof byte[]
}

MakeParts

Encode an object using Amino and slice it into parts.

func MakeParts(obj interface{}, partSize int) []Part

Merkle Trees

Simple Merkle trees are used in numerous places in Tendermint to compute a cryptographic digest of a data structure.

RIPEMD160 is always used as the hashing function.

Simple Merkle Root

The function SimpleMerkleRoot is a simple recursive function defined as follows:

func SimpleMerkleRoot(hashes [][]byte) []byte{
    switch len(hashes) {
    case 0:
        return nil
    case 1:
        return hashes[0]
    default:
        left := SimpleMerkleRoot(hashes[:(len(hashes)+1)/2])
        right := SimpleMerkleRoot(hashes[(len(hashes)+1)/2:])
        return SimpleConcatHash(left, right)
    }
}

func SimpleConcatHash(left, right []byte) []byte{
    left = encodeByteSlice(left)
    right = encodeByteSlice(right)
    return RIPEMD160 (append(left, right))
}

Note that the leaves are Amino encoded as byte-arrays (ie. simple Uvarint length prefix) before being concatenated together and hashed.

Note: we will abuse notion and invoke SimpleMerkleRoot with arguments of type struct or type []struct. For struct arguments, we compute a [][]byte by sorting elements of the struct according to field name and then hashing them. For []struct arguments, we compute a [][]byte by hashing the individual struct elements.

Simple Merkle Proof

Proof that a leaf is in a Merkle tree consists of a simple structure:

type SimpleProof struct {
        Aunts [][]byte
}

Which is verified using the following:

func (proof SimpleProof) Verify(index, total int, leafHash, rootHash []byte) bool {
	computedHash := computeHashFromAunts(index, total, leafHash, proof.Aunts)
    return computedHash == rootHash
}

func computeHashFromAunts(index, total int, leafHash []byte, innerHashes [][]byte) []byte{
	assert(index < total && index >= 0 && total > 0)

	if total == 1{
		assert(len(proof.Aunts) == 0)
		return leafHash
	}

	assert(len(innerHashes) > 0)

	numLeft := (total + 1) / 2
	if index < numLeft {
		leftHash := computeHashFromAunts(index, numLeft, leafHash, innerHashes[:len(innerHashes)-1])
		assert(leftHash != nil)
		return SimpleHashFromTwoHashes(leftHash, innerHashes[len(innerHashes)-1])
	}
	rightHash := computeHashFromAunts(index-numLeft, total-numLeft, leafHash, innerHashes[:len(innerHashes)-1])
	assert(rightHash != nil)
	return SimpleHashFromTwoHashes(innerHashes[len(innerHashes)-1], rightHash)
}

JSON

Amino

TODO: improve this

Amino also supports JSON encoding - registered types are simply encoded as:

{
  "type": "<DisfixBytes>",
  "value": <JSON>
}

For instance, an ED25519 PubKey would look like:

{
  "type": "tendermint/PubKeyEd25519",
  "value": "uZ4h63OFWuQ36ZZ4Bd6NF+/w9fWUwrOncrQsackrsTk="
}

Where the "value" is the base64 encoding of the raw pubkey bytes, and the "type" is the full disfix bytes for Ed25519 pubkeys.

Signed Messages

Signed messages (eg. votes, proposals) in the consensus are encoded using Amino-JSON, rather than in the standard binary format.

When signing, the elements of a message are sorted by key and the sorted message is embedded in an outer JSON that includes a chain_id field. We call this encoding the CanonicalSignBytes. For instance, CanonicalSignBytes for a vote would look like:

{"chain_id":"my-chain-id","vote":{"block_id":{"hash":DEADBEEF,"parts":{"hash":BEEFDEAD,"total":3}},"height":3,"round":2,"timestamp":1234567890, "type":2}

Note how the fields within each level are sorted.