Adds a naïve `PeerManager.Advertise()` method that the new PEX reactor can use to fetch addresses to advertise, as well as some other `FIXME`s on address advertisement.

This improves the `peerStore` prototype by e.g.:

* Using a database with Protobuf for persistence, but also keeping full peer set in memory for performance.
* Simplifying the API, by taking/returning struct copies for safety, and removing errors for in-memory operations.
* Caching the ranked peer set, as a temporary solution until a better data structure is implemented.
* Adding `PeerManagerOptions.MaxPeers` and pruning the peer store (based on rank) when it's full.
* Rewriting `PeerAddress` to be independent of `url.URL`, normalizing it and tightening semantics.

See #5936 and #5938 for background.

The plan was initially to have `DialNext()` and `EvictNext()` return a channel. However, implementing this became unnecessarily complicated and error-prone. As an example, the channel would be both consumed and populated (via method calls) by the same driving method (e.g. `Router.dialPeers()`) which could easily cause deadlocks where a method call blocked while sending on the channel that the caller itself was responsible for consuming (but couldn't since it was busy making the method call). It would also require a set of goroutines in the peer manager that would interact with the goroutines in the router in non-obvious ways, and fully populating the channel on startup could cause deadlocks with other startup tasks. Several issues like these made the solution hard to reason about.

I therefore simply made `DialNext()` and `EvictNext()` block until the next peer was available, using internal triggers to wake these methods up in a non-blocking fashion when any relevant state changes occurred. This proved much simpler to reason about, since there are no goroutines in the peer manager (except for trivial retry timers), nor any blocking channel sends, and it instead relies entirely on the existing goroutine structure of the router for concurrency. This also happens to be the same pattern used by the `Transport.Accept()` API, following Go stdlib conventions, so all router goroutines end up using a consistent pattern as well.

This improves the prototype peer manager by:

* Exporting `PeerManager`, making it accessible by e.g. reactors.
* Replacing `Router.SubscribePeerUpdates()` with `PeerManager.Subscribe()`.
* Tracking address/peer connection statistics, and retrying dial failures with exponential backoff.
* Prioritizing peers, with persistent peers configuration.
* Limiting simultaneous connections.
* Evicting peers and upgrading to higher-priority peers.
* Tracking peer heights, as a workaround for legacy shared peer state APIs.

This is getting to a point where we need to determine precise semantics and implement tests, so we should figure out whether it's a reasonable abstraction that we want to use. The main questions are around the API model (i.e. synchronous method calls with the router polling the manager, vs. an event-driven model using channels, vs. the peer manager calling methods on the router to connect/disconnect peers), and who should have the responsibility of managing actual connections (currently the router, while the manager only tracks peer state).

This adds a prototype peer lifecycle manager, `peerManager`, which stores peer data in an internal `peerStore`. The overall idea here is to have methods for peer lifecycle events which exchange a very narrow subset of peer data, and to keep all of the peer metadata (i.e. the `peerInfo` struct) internal, to decouple this from the router and simplify concurrency control. See `peerManager` GoDoc for more information.

The router is still responsible for actually dialing and accepting peer connections, and routing messages across them, but the peer manager is responsible for determining which peers to dial next, preventing multiple connections being established for the same peer (e.g. both inbound and outbound), and making sure we don't dial the same peer several times in parallel. Later it will also track retries and exponential backoff, as well as peer and address quality. It also assumes responsibility for peer updates subscriptions.

It's a bit unclear to me whether we want the peer manager to take on the responsibility of actually dialing and accepting connections as well, or if it should only be tracking peer state for the router while the router is responsible for all transport concerns. Let's revisit this later.

Early but functional prototype of the new `p2p.Router`, see its GoDoc comment for details on how it works. Expect much of this logic to change and improve as we evolve the new P2P stack.

There is a simple test that sets up an in-memory network of four routers with reactors and passes messages between them, but otherwise no exhaustive tests since this is very much a work-in-progress.