closes: #8039 

This pull request updates the new ABCI++ protos to use `enum`s in place of `bool`s. `enums` may be preferred over `bool` because an `enum` can be udpated to include new statuses in the future, whereas a `bool` cannot and is fixed as just `true` or `false` over the whole lifecycle of the API.

Minor Typo (nice doc!)

* reorganizing basic concepts, adding outline to navigate easy

* Update spec/abci++/README.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>

* address problem with snapshot list data type

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: William Banfield <4561443+williambanfield@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_basic_concepts_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>

* clarify handling events in same-execution model

* remove outdated text about vote extension singing

* clarification apphash state-sync

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>
Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>
Co-authored-by: William Banfield <4561443+williambanfield@users.noreply.github.com>

This change set implements the most recent version of `FinalizeBlock`. 

# What does this change actually contain?

* This change set is rather large but fear not! The majority of the files touched and changes are renaming `ResponseDeliverTx` to `ExecTxResult`. This should be a pretty inoffensive change since they're effectively the same type but with a different name.
* The `execBlockOnProxyApp` was totally removed since it served as just a wrapper around the logic that is now mostly encapsulated within `FinalizeBlock`
* The `updateState` helper function has been made a public method on `State`. It was being exposed as a shim through the testing infrastructure, so this seemed innocuous.
* Tests already existed to ensure that the application received the `ByzantineValidators` and the `ValidatorUpdates`, but one was fixed up to ensure that `LastCommitInfo` was being sent across.
* Tests were removed from the `psql` indexer that seemed to search for an event in the indexer that was not being created.

# Questions for reviewers
* We store this [ABCIResponses](5721a13ab1/proto/tendermint/state/types.pb.go (L37)) type in the data base as the block results. This type has changed since v0.35 to contain the `FinalizeBlock` response. I'm wondering if we need to do any shimming to keep the old data retrieveable?
* Similarly, this change is exposed via the RPC through [ResultBlockResults](5721a13ab1/rpc/coretypes/responses.go (L69)) changing. Should we somehow shim or notify for this change? 


closes: #7658

This change adds an overview of the proposer-based timestamps algorithm. The goal of this documentation is to give a plain enough explanation of the algorithm so that application developers and validators can understand both the utility of the algorithm and understand how the new constrains may affect their network and topology. 

I'm blanking on the scheme we decided on for docs linking, so if anyone could remind me what link format we decided on, I'll go clean that up ASAP.

Once this is merged, I intend to create a runbook for chains that see slower block-times or higher nil prevotes and link that runbook to this document to provide a higher-level overview.

closes: #8046

* Changed the spec text to agreed VoteExtension solution

* Revert "Removed protobufs related to vote extensions"

This reverts commit 4566f1e302.

* Changes to ABCI protocol buffers

* Update spec/core/data_structures.md

Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>

* Update spec/core/data_structures.md

Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>

* Fix dangling link in ABCI++ readme

* Addressed comments

Co-authored-by: M. J. Fromberger <fromberger@interchain.io>

Co-authored-by: Kukovec <jure.kukovec@gmail.com>

* remove new_hashes, discuss traceability

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_methods_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_methods_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* Update spec/abci++/abci++_methods_002_draft.md

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

* quote example traceability

* remove new_hashes from protobuf

Co-authored-by: Sergio Mena <sergio@informal.systems>

This reverts commit e762dbb603.

These files need a more thorough review before integration.

Signed-off-by: Thane Thomson <connect@thanethomson.com>
Co-authored-by: Callum Waters <cmwaters19@gmail.com>

* PBTS: brief context and proposal added to README

* PBTS: summary of algorithmic solution added to README

* PBTS: Context section of README improved

* PBTS: fixing links and page titles

* PBTS: moved first drafts to v1/, links updated

* PBTS: added issues to README, link to arXiv PDF

* PBTS: brief context and proposal added to README

* PBTS: summary of algorithmic solution added to README

* PBTS: Context section of README improved

* PBTS: fixing links and page titles

* PBTS: moved first drafts to v1/, links updated

* PBTS: added issues to README, link to arXiv PDF

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: William Banfield <4561443+williambanfield@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Josef Widder <44643235+josef-widder@users.noreply.github.com>

* Fixing linting problems

Co-authored-by: Daniel Cason <cason@gandria>
Co-authored-by: William Banfield <4561443+williambanfield@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Josef Widder <44643235+josef-widder@users.noreply.github.com>

* p2p/message: Changed evidence message to contain evidence, not a list of evidence

* Update spec/p2p/messages/evidence.md

Co-authored-by: Callum Waters <cmwaters19@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: Callum Waters <cmwaters19@gmail.com>

This reverts commit 22e8aafa03.

Co-authored-by: Callum Waters <cmwaters19@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: Josef Widder <44643235+josef-widder@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: William Banfield <4561443+williambanfield@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: Josef Widder <44643235+josef-widder@users.noreply.github.com>