Partial backport of protobuf generation changes. (#7302)
This is a manual backport of the changes to how we build and run the protobuf
toolchain images in Docker. The main effect here is to point to the new image
from ghcr.io/tendermint/docker-proto-builder, but to make that work it is also
necessary to update some of the branch pointers.
This change does NOT include the changes from #7269 and #7291 to point to the
proto files in the spec repo. To do that, we will need to create a branch or
tag on the spec that has the released version, which does not exist in the spec
history as it currently stands.